Dutch State Mines
1902 Dutch State Mines founded as a state-owned company.
Expanded in mining and gradually built-up chemical activities.
1960s The company and the Dutch government realized that mining was no longer economically viable in The Netherlands; the company embarked on its first transformation to become a basic chemicals company.
Formed joint venture with British National Coal Board: Nypro (UK)
1970s and 1980s the company expanded its chemical activities via various diversifications but with limited success.
1973 Acquired UKF Fertilisers
Late 80s and early 90s growth stalled.
1988 Sold UKF Fertilisers.
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Sources of Information